@Article{HalladayKaJoStFoAl:2023:CoClSi,
               author = "Halladay, Kate and Kahana, Ron and Johnson, Ben and Still, 
                         Christopher and Fosser, Giorgia and Alves, Lincoln Muniz",
          affiliation = "{Met Ofce Hadley Centre for Climate Science and Services} and {Met 
                         Ofce Hadley Centre for Climate Science and Services} and {Met Ofce 
                         Hadley Centre for Climate Science and Services} and {Oregon State 
                         University} and IUSS and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Convection-permitting climate simulations for South America with 
                         the Met Office Unified Model",
              journal = "Climate Dynamics",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "61",
                pages = "5247--5269",
             keywords = "Convection-permitting regional modelling, High resolution, South 
                         America, Climate, Evapotranspiration.",
             abstract = "We present the frst convection-permitting regional climate model 
                         (CPRCM) simulations at 4.5 km horizontal resolution for South 
                         America at near-continental scale, including full details of the 
                         experimental setup and results from the reanalysisdriven hindcast 
                         and climate model-driven present-day simulations. We use a range 
                         of satellite and ground-based observations to evaluate the CPRCM 
                         simulations covering the period 19982007 comparing the CPRCM 
                         output with lower resolution regional and global climate model 
                         confgurations for key regions of Brazil. We fnd that using the 
                         convection-permitting model at high resolution leads to large 
                         improvements in the representation of precipitation, specifcally 
                         in simulating its diurnal cycle, frequency, and sub-daily 
                         intensity distribution (i.e. the proportion of heavy and light 
                         precipitation). We tentatively conclude that there are also 
                         improvements in the spatial structure of precipitation. We see 
                         higher precipitation intensity and extremes over Amazonia in the 
                         CPRCMs compared with observations, though more sub-daily 
                         observational data from meteorological stations are required to 
                         conclusively determine whether the CPRCMs add value in this 
                         regard. For annual mean precipitation and mean, maximum and 
                         minimum near surface temperatures, it is not clear that the CPRCMs 
                         add value compared with coarser-resolution models with 
                         parameterised convection. We also fnd large changes in the 
                         contribution to evapotranspiration from canopy evaporation 
                         compared to soil evaporation and transpiration compared with the 
                         RCM. This is likely to be related to the shift in precipitation 
                         intensity distribution of the CPRCMs compared to the RCM and its 
                         impact on the hydrological requires further investigation.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s00382-023-06853-0",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06853-0",
                 issn = "0930-7575",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "s00382-023-06853-0.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}